Resources
For a summary of the current scientific knowledge Click Here (PDF File).
Human Studies
1.
Flaxseed in Human Nutrition. 2nd ed. Thompson LU, Cunnane SC (eds).
AOCS press, Champaign, IL, USA (2003)
2. Dietary supplementation with flaxseed oil lowers blood pressure in
dyslipidaemic patients. Paschos GK, Magkos F, Panagiotakos DB, Votteas V &
Zampelas A. 2007 European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Advance online publication.
3. Dietary a-linolenic acid intake and risk of
sudden cardiac death and coronary heart disease. Albert CM, Kyungwon O,
Whang W, Manson JE, Chae CU, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC & Hu FB. 2005
Circulation 112: 3232:3238.
4. Interplay
between different polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease
in men. Mozaffarian D, Ascherio A, Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC,
Siscovick DS & Rimm EB. 2005 Circulation 111: 157-164.
5. Dietary intake of a-linolenic acid and risk
of fatal ischemic heart disease among women. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE,
Rimm EB, Wolk A, Colditz GA, Hennekens CH & Willett WC. 1999 American
Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69: 890-897.
6. Arterial compliance in obese subjects is improved with dietary plant
n-3 fatty acid from flaxseed oil despite increased LDL oxidizability.
Nestel PJ, Pomeroy SE, Sashara T, Yamashita T, Liang YL, Dart AM, Jennings GL,
Abbey M & Cameron JD. 1997 Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and
Vascular Biology 17: 1163-1170
7. Dietary
a-linolenic acid is as effective as oleic acid and
linoleic acid in lowering blood cholesterol in normolipidemic men. Chan JK,
Bruce VM & McDonald BE. 1991 American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
53: 1230-1234.
8. Effect of
linseed oil injestion on plasma lipid fatty acid composition and platelet
aggregability in healthy volunteers. Budowski P, Trostler N, Lupo M,
Vaisman N & Eldor A. 1984 Nutrition Research 4: 343-346.
9. The influence of linseed oil diet on fatty acid pattern in
phospholipids and thromboxane formation in platelets in man. Mest HJ,
Beitz J, Heinroth I, Block HU & Forster W. 1983 Klinische Wochenschrift
61: 187-191.
10. Nutrition and
cancer: A review of the evidence for an anti-cancer diet. Donaldson
MS. 2004 Nutrition Journal 3:19
11.
Cold-pressed flaxseed oil reverses age-associated depression in a primary
cell-mediated adaptive immune response in the mouse. Hillyer LM, Sandiford
AM, Gray CE & Woodward B. 2006 British Journal of Nutrition 95:
230-233.
12.
Supplementation with flax oil and vitamin C improves the outcome of attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Joshi K, Lad S, Kale M, Patwardhan
B, Mahadik SP, Patni B, Chaudhary A, Bhave S & Pandit A. 2006
Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 74: 17-21.
13. Contribution of linseed intake to urine and
serum enterolignan levels in German females: a randomised controlled
intervention trial. Knust U, Spiegelhalder B, Strowitzki T & Owen RW.
2006 Food and Chemical Toxicology 44(7): 1057-1064.
14.
Pharmacokinetics of enterolignans in healthy men and women consuming a single
dose of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. Kuijsten A, Arts CW, Vree TB &
Hollman PCH. 2005 Journal of Nutrition 135: 795-801.
15. Experimental studies on lignans and cancer.
Thompson LU. 1998 Baillières Clinical
Endocrinology and Metabolism 12(4): 691-705.
16. Human metabolism of mammalian lignan
precursors in raw and processed flaxseed. Nesbitt PD, Lam Y & Thompson
LU. 1999 American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69(3): 549-555.
Animal Studies
1A.
Omega-3 fatty acids improve recovery, whereas omega-6 fatty acids worsen
outcome, after spinal cord injury in the adult rat. King VR, Huang WL,
Dyall SC, Curran OE, Priestley JV & Michael-Titus AT. 2006 The
Journal of Neuroscience 26(17): 4672-4680.
2A. Dietary a-linolenic acid increases brain but
not heart and liver docosahexaenoic acid levels. Barcelo-Coblijn G,
Collison LW, Jolly CA & Murphy EJ. 2005 Lipids 40: 787-798.
3A.
Dietary flaxseed protects against ventricular fibrillation induced by
ischemia-reperfusion in normal and hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Ander BP, Weber
AR, Rampersad PP, Gilchrist JSC, Pierce GN & Lukas A. 2004 Journal
of Nutrition 134: 3250-3256.
4A.
Prevention of sudden cardiac death by dietary pure w-3
polyunsaturated fatty acids in dogs. Billman GE, Kang JX & Leaf A.
1999 Circulation 99: 2452-2457.
5A.
Prolongation of life span in hypertensive rats by dietary interventions.
Effects of garlic and linseed oil. Brändle M, Al
Makdessi S, Weber RK, Dietz K & Jacob R. 1997 Basic Research in Cardiology
92: 223-232.
6A. Flaxseed and its lignan and oil components reduce mammary tumor growth
at a late stage of carcinogenesis. Thompson LU, Rickard SE, Orcheson LJ & Seidl
MM. 1996 Carcinogenesis 17: 1373-1376.
7A. Prophylactic effect of flaxseed oil against radiation-induced
hepatotoxicity in mice. Bhatia AL, Sharma A, Patni S, Sharma AL.
Phytotherapy Research 2007 Advanced online publication.
8A.
The ratio of n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the rat diet alters serum
lipid levels and lymphocyte functions. Jeffery NM, Sanderson P,
Sherrington EJ, Newsholme EA & Calder PC. 1996 Lipids 31: 737-745.
9A. Omega-3
fatty acids improve recovery, whereas omega-6 fatty acids worsen outcome, after
spinal cord injury in the adult rat. King VR, Huang WL, Dyall SC, Curran
OE, Priestley JV & Micheal-Titus AT. 2006 The Journal of Neuroscience
26(17): 4672-4680.
10A. Flaxseed and its components reduce metastasis
after surgical excision of solid human breast tumor in nude mice. Chen J,
Wang L, Thompson LU. 2006 Cancer Letters 234(2): 168-175.
11A. The inhibitory effect of flaxseed on the growth and
metastasis of estrogen receptor negative human breast cancer xenografts is
attributed to both its lignan and oil components. Wang L, Chen J &
Thompson LU. 2005 International Journal of Cancer 116(5):
793-798.
12A. Hypocholesterolemic and antiatherosclerotic
effect of flax lignan complex isolated from flaxseed. Prasad K. 2005
Atherosclerosis.
179(2): 269-75.
13A. Exposure to flaxseed or its purified lignan during
suckling inhibits chemically induced rat mammary tumorigenesis. Chen J, Tan KP,
Ward WE & Thompson LU. 2003 Experimental Biology and Medicine
(Maywood) 228(8): 951-958.
14A. Exposure to flaxseed or its purified lignan during
suckling only or continuously does not alter reproductive indices in male and
female offspring. Ward WE, Jianmin C & Thompson LU. 2001 Journal of
Toxicology and Environmental Health. 64(7): 567-577.
15A. Biosynthetic pathway to the cancer chemopreventive
secoisolariciresinol diglucoside-hydroxymethyl glutaryl ester-linked lignan
oligomers in Flax (linum usitatissimum) seed. Ford JD, Kai-Sheng H, Wang
HB, Davin LB & Lewis NG. 2001 Journal of Natural Products 64(11):
1388-1397.
16A. Exposure to purified lignan from flaxseed (Linum
usitatissimum) alters bone development in female rats. Ward WE, Yuan YV,
Cheung AM & Thompson LU. 2001 British Journal of Nutrition. 86(4):
499-505.
17A. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside from flaxseed delays
the development of type 2 diabetes in Zucker rat. Prasad K. 2001 Journal of
Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 138(1): 32-39.
18A. Plasma insulin-like growth factor I levels in rats
are reduced by dietary supplementation of flaxseed or its lignan
secoisolariciresinol diglycoside. Rickard SE, Yuan YV & Thompson LU. 2000
Cancer Letters 161(1): 47-55.
19A. Antioxidant activity of secoisolariciresinol
diglucoside-derived metabolites, secoisolariciresinol, enterodiol and
enterolactone. Prasad K. 2000 International Journal of Angiology.
9(4): 220-225.
20A. Oxidative stress as a mechanism of diabetes in
diabetic BB prone rats: Effect of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG).
Prasad K. 2000 Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 209: 89-96.
21A. Protective effect of secoisolariciresinol
diglucoside against steptozotocin-induced diabetes and its mechanism. Prasad K,
Mantha S, Muir A & Westcott N. 2000 Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry.
206: 141-150.
22A. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG):
Relevance to angiogenesis and cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion
injury. Penumathsa SV, Koneru S, Thirunavukkarasu M, Zhan L, Prasad K &
Maulik N. 2007 The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental
Therapeutics. 320 (2): 951-959.
23A. Dose effects of flaxseed and its lignan on
N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mammary tumorigenesis in rats. Rickard
SE, Yuan YV, Chen J & Thompson LU. 1999 Nutrition and Cancer 35(1):
50-57.
24A. Dietary supplementation with
secoisolariciresinol diglycoside (SDG) reduces experimental metastasis of
melanoma cells in mice. Li D, Yee JA, Thompson LU & Yan L. 1999
Cancer Letters 142(1): 91-96.
25A. Reduction of serum cholesterol and
hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis in rabbits by secoisolariciresinol
diglucoside isolated from flaxseed. 1999 Circulation. 99(10):
1355-1362.
26A. The influence of flaxseed and lignans on
colon carcinogenesis and beta-glucuronidase activity. Jenab M & Thompson LU.
1996 Carcinogenesis 17(6): 1343-1348.
27A. Antitumorigenic effect of a mammalian lignan
precursor from flaxseed. Thompson LU, Seidl MM, Rickard SE, Orcheson LJ
& Fong HH. 1996 Nutrition and Cancer 26(2: 159-165.
28A. Dietary flaxseed protects against ventricular
fibrillation induced by ischemia-reperfusion in normal and
hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Ander BP, Weber AR, Rampersad PP,
Gilchrist JSC, Pierce GN & Lukas A. 2004 Journal of Nutrition 134:
3250-3256.
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